Bird · Ara ararauna · typical adult weight 0.90–1.30 kg
Butorphanol is dosed at 0.5–4 mg/kg IM, IV q1-4h in blue-and-gold macaws, per Sladky KK, Krugner-Higby L, Meek-Walker E, et al. Serum concentrations and analgesic effects of liposome-encapsulated and standard butorphanol tartrate in parrots. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:775-781. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.448 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929. Butorphanol is used in blue-and-gold macaws for Analgesia / sedation (kappa-opioid agonist-antagonist). Routes documented in blue-and-gold macaws: IM, IV. A typical adult blue-and-gold macaw weighs 0.90–1.30 kg. ExoticRx lists 1 cited dose rule for Butorphanol in blue-and-gold macaws, drawn from published veterinary references. Verify against current literature before clinical use.
US trade names: Torbugesic, Torbutrol
| Route | Dose | Frequency | Indication | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IM, IV | 0.5–4 mg/kg | q1-4h | Analgesia / sedation (kappa-opioid agonist-antagonist) | Weak | Sladky KK, Krugner-Higby L, Meek-Walker E, et al. Serum concentrations and analgesic effects of liposome-encapsulated and standard butorphanol tartrate in parrots. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:775-781. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.448 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929 |
Every held source for this drug and species, as printed. Where they differ, both are shown — the choice is yours, not ours.
The sources disagree for this combination. The ranges below do not overlap on a comparable route. This is not an error in one of them — published veterinary references differ, and reconciling them for a particular patient is a clinical judgement.
| Dose (mg/kg) | Route | Source | As printed |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IM | BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, 2nd edp.314 | 1 mg/kg i.m. once 0.02-0.04 mg/kg i.v. once | |
| 0.02–0.04 | IM | BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, 2nd edp.314 | 1 mg/kg i.m. once 0.02-0.04 mg/kg i.v. once | |
| 0.3–4 | IM | BSAVA Small Animal Formulary, 10th ed — Part B (Exotic Pets)p.61 | 0.3-4 mg/kg i.m., i.v. q2-12h a,b |
| 3 | — |
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These ranges are per kg. Enter your blue-and-gold macaw's weight to get the precise dose and draw-up volume — unit and concentration math done for you.
Kappa-opioid receptor agonist and mu-opioid receptor antagonist. Provides visceral analgesia and sedation.
Short duration of action (1-2 hours). Better for visceral than somatic pain. Ceiling effect on analgesia. May cause sedation and mild respiratory depression.
Species-specific contraindications and adverse-reaction reports for blue-and-gold macaws may differ from canine / feline reference data — consult the primary citations listed with each rule.
Butorphanol dose range in blue-and-gold macaws, with cited source references: IM, IV 0.5–4 mg/kg q1-4h. Reference ranges from cited sources — verify against current literature before clinical use.
Documented routes for Butorphanol in blue-and-gold macaws: IM, IV.
Butorphanol is indicated in blue-and-gold macaws for: Analgesia / sedation (kappa-opioid agonist-antagonist).
These are general warnings for Butorphanol across species; consult the blue-and-gold macaw dosing table above for species-specific guidance. Short duration of action (1-2 hours). Better for visceral than somatic pain. Ceiling effect on analgesia. May cause sedation and mild respiratory depression.
Why a species-specific page? Butorphanol pharmacokinetics differ across species: dose ranges, intervals, and route preferences are not interchangeable. Cross-extrapolation from canine doses is unsafe in blue-and-gold macaws — the rules above are the citations specific to this species, not generic recommendations.
Sourced from published veterinary references; awaiting credentialed clinical reviewer. See our editorial process. Reference only — not veterinary advice.
| 3 mg/kg via the intranasal route combined with butorphanol. Use lower end doses for raptors. May |
| 0.5–4 | IM | Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th edTable 5.5 | 0.5-4 mg/kg IM, IV q1- 4h,321,485,683,764,82 |
| 1–6 | IM | Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th edTable 5.5 | 1-6 mg/kg IM |
Figures are transcribed from the cited page or table of each held edition and are shown for reference only. They are not dose recommendations, they do not feed the calculator, and none has been reviewed by a veterinarian.