Sourced from published veterinary references. Awaiting credentialed clinical reviewer — our editorial process.
Butorphanol is dosed at 0.1–0.5 mg/kg IM q4h in rabbits, per Chitty J [Chitty J]. Formulary. In: Harcourt-Brown F, Chitty J, eds. BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and Imaging; BSAVA Press, Gloucestershire, UK; 2013:430-431. / 194. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023) — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.163, Butorphanol monograph spanning p.157-163. — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 10.4 (Chemical Restraint/Sedative/Anesthetic/Analgesic Agents Used in Rabbits.a,b). Verify against current literature before clinical use.
Kappa-opioid receptor agonist and mu-opioid receptor antagonist. Provides visceral analgesia and sedation.
Side effects & warnings
Short duration of action (1-2 hours). Better for visceral than somatic pain. Ceiling effect on analgesia. May cause sedation and mild respiratory depression.
Species with Butorphanol dosing data (53 dose rules)
Each ExoticRx dose rule is graded by the strength of its primary evidence — see the editorial process.
Sample dosing (2 of 53 cited rules)
A dog/cat sample is shown here. Cited dosing for all 37 species — reptiles, birds, pocket pets, livestock, and equine — is free on the per-species pages above. Pro adds the weight-based calculator for every species.
Lascelles BDX, Robertson SA. Use of thermal threshold response to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65(8):1085-1089. / 45. Ansah OB, Vainio O, Hellsten C, Raekallio M. Postoperative Pain Control in Cats: Clinical Trials with Medetomidine and Butorphanol. Vet Surg. 2002;31(2):99-103. doi:10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1085 — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.157, Butorphanol monograph spanning p.157-163.
· 118. Heard DJ. Principles and techniques of anesthesia and analgesia for exotic practice. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1993;23:1301-1327. | 275. Raphael BL. Chelonians. In: Fowler ME, Miller RE, eds. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier; 2003:48-58. — Source: Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Ed, p.1408 — SOURCE ROW: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, reptile analgesia table — "Butorphanol 0.4-1 mg/kg SC, IM(63) — Most species/sedation; preanesthetic; 0.2 mg/kg IM used […]" — PRINTED DETAIL MISSING FROM THIS RULE (retrieved 2026-08-19): 0.4-1 mg/kg SC, IM63 Most species/sedation; preanesthetic; 0.2 mg/kg IM used experimentally in tortoises63 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, reptile analgesia table. (Served figure itself verified: "0.2 mg/kg IM118,275 Chelonians/minimal sedation", Mader's 3rd ed Table 127.5, printed p.1198.)
· 182. Heard DJ. Principles and techniques of anesthesia and analgesia for exotic practice. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1993;23:1301-1327. | 386. Raphael BL. Chelonians. In: Fowler ME, Miller RE, eds. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 5th ed., Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2003:48-58. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.236 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles.a).
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· 193. Curro TG, Brunson DB, Paul-Murphy J. Determination of the ED50 of isoflurane and evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effect of butorphanol in cockatoos (Cacatua spp.). Vet Surg. 1994;23:429-433. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.448 doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.1994.tb00502.x — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).
· 193. Curro TG, Brunson DB, Paul-Murphy J. Determination of the ED50 of isoflurane and evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effect of butorphanol in cockatoos (Cacatua spp.). Vet Surg. 1994;23:429-433. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.448 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).
· 295. Schumacher J. Reptiles and amphibians. In: Thurman JC, Tranquilli WJ, Benson GJ, eds. Lumb and Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:670-685. — Source: Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Ed, p.1408
· 47. Ewringmann A, Gloeckner B. Leitsymptome bei Hamster, Ratte, Maus und Rennmaus, Enke, Stuttgart, Germany; 2014. | 122. Meredith A. BSAVA Small Animal Formulary: Part B: Exotic Pets, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Quedgeley, Gloucester, UK; 2015. | 130. Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.790
· 485. Klaphake E, Schumacher J, Greenacre C, et al. Comparative anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of pre- versus postoperative butorphanol administration in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) anesthetized with sevoflurane. J Avian Med Surg. 2006;20:2-7. | 820. Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Flammer K, Paul-Murphy J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol after oral, intravenous and intramuscular administration in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). J Avian Med Surg. 2011;25:185-191. | 872. Sladky KK, Krugner-Higby L, Meek-Walker E, et al. Serum concentrations and analgesic effects of liposome-encapsulated and standard butorphanol tartrate in parrots. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:775-781. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.448 doi:10.1647/1082-6742(2006)20[2:caaceo]2.0.co;2 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).
· 63. Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.236 — Carpenter 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles). Superscript 63 resolves to Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al, Reptile formulary, in Divers SJ and Stahl SJ eds, Mader Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery 3rd ed, Elsevier, St. Louis MO, 2019:1191-1211.
· 872. Sladky KK, Krugner-Higby L, Meek-Walker E, et al. Serum concentrations and analgesic effects of liposome-encapsulated and standard butorphanol tartrate in parrots. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:775-781. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.448 doi:10.2460/ajvr.67.5.775 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).
· Allweiler SI. How to improve anesthesia and analgesia in small mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2016;19:361-377. / 130. Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.012 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.4 (Analgesic Agents Used in Rodents).
· Allweiler SI. How to improve anesthesia and analgesia in small mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2016;19:361-377. / 51. Flecknell PA. Analgesia and post-operative care. Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia; 2016:141-192. / 130. Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.012 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.4 (Analgesic Agents Used in Rodents).
· BSAVA Small Animal Formulary, 10th ed, Part A (Canine and Feline), Butorphanol, printed p.55
· Brown SA. Clinical techniques in the ferret. Semin Avian Exot Pet Med. 1997;6:75-85. / 65. Ko JC, Marini RP. Anesthesia. In: Fox JG, Marini RP, eds. Biology and Diseases of the Ferret, 3rd ed., Wiley Blackwell, Ames, IA; 2014:259-283. PMID: 41235870 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 11.6 (Analgesic Agents Used in Ferrets).
· Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. / (green-iguana-specific row, p.252) 131. Fleming GJ, Robertson SA. Assessments of thermal antinociceptive effects of butorphanol and human observer effect on quantitative evaluation of analgesia in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Am J Vet Res. 2012;73:1507-1511. — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles.a).
· Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.236
· Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.252
· Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, Table 4.6, Butorphanol, p.236 (ref 33 = Bennett RA, Divers SJ, Schumacher J, et al. Roundtable: anesthesia. Bull Assoc Rept Amph Vet. 1999;9:20-27; ref 63 = Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2019:1191-1211). Frequency and the bearded-dragon-specific figure from BSAVA Small Animal Formulary 10th ed, Part B: Exotic Pets, Butorphanol, printed p.47 (PDF p.61; ref c = Greenacre CB, Takle G, Schumacher JP, et al. Comparative anti-nociception of morphine, butorphanol and buprenorphine versus saline in the green iguana using electrostimulation. J Herpetol Med Surg. 2006;16:88-92). — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles.a).
· Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th ed., Table 4.5 (Chemical restraint/anesthetic agents used in reptiles), p.236 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles.a).
· Chitty J [Chitty J]. Formulary. In: Harcourt-Brown F, Chitty J, eds. BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and Imaging; BSAVA Press, Gloucestershire, UK; 2013:430-431. / 194. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023) — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.163, Butorphanol monograph spanning p.157-163. — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 10.4 (Chemical Restraint/Sedative/Anesthetic/Analgesic Agents Used in Rabbits.a,b).
· Chitty J [Chitty J]. Formulary. In: Harcourt-Brown F, Chitty J, eds. BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and Imaging; BSAVA Press, Gloucestershire, UK; 2013:430-431.; Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023) — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.163, Butorphanol monograph spanning p.157-163. — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 10.4 (Chemical Restraint/Sedative/Anesthetic/Analgesic Agents Used in Rabbits.a,b).
· Conner CM, Hoppes SM, Stevens BJ, et al. Intranasal butorphanol and midazolam administered prior to intramuscular alfaxalone provides safe and effective sedation in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). Am J Vet Res. 2022;83(12). doi:10.2460/ajvr.22.08.0140https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36327169
· Curro TG, Brunson DB, Paul-Murphy J. Determination of the ED50 of isoflurane and evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effect of butorphanol in cockatoos (Cacatua spp.). Vet Surg. 1994;23:429-433. / 764. Riggs SM, Hawkins MG, Craigmill AL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). Am J Vet Res. 2008;69:596-603. / 820. Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Flammer K, Paul-Murphy J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol after oral, intravenous and intramuscular administration in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). J Avian Med Surg. 2011;25:185-191. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.1994.tb00502.x — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).
· Curro TG. Evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effects of butorphanol and flunixin in psittaciformes. Proc Annu Conf Assoc Avian Vet; 1994:17-19.; Curro TG, Brunson DB, Paul-Murphy J. Determination of the ED50 of isoflurane and evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effect of butorphanol in cockatoos (Cacatua spp.). Vet Surg. 1994;23:429-433. doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.1994.tb00502.x — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).
· Escalante GC, Balko JA, Chinnadurai SK. Comparison of the Sedative Effects of Alfaxalone and Butorphanol-Midazolam Administered Intramuscularly in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). J Avian Med Surg. 2018;32(4):279. doi:10.1647/2017-328https://doi.org/10.1647/2017-328
· Ewringmann A, Gloeckner B. Leitsymptome bei Hamster, Ratte, Maus und Rennmaus, Enke, Stuttgart, Germany; 2014. | Meredith A. BSAVA Small Animal Formulary: Part B: Exotic Pets, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Quedgeley, Gloucester, UK; 2015. | Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.790
· Ewringmann A, Gloeckner B. Leitsymptome bei Hamster, Ratte, Maus und Rennmaus, Enke, Stuttgart, Germany; 2014. | Meredith A. BSAVA Small Animal Formulary: Part B: Exotic Pets, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Quedgeley, Gloucester, UK; 2015. | Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.790 — Carpenter 6th ed, Table 9.4 (Analgesic Agents Used in Rodents).
· Ewringmann A, Gloeckner B. Leitsymptome bei Hamster, Ratte, Maus und Rennmaus. Enke, Stuttgart, Germany -- 2014. | Meredith A. BSAVA Small Animal Formulary: Part B: Exotic Pets. BSAVA, Quedgeley, Gloucester, UK -- 2015. | Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO -- 2021:620-630. Carpenter Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.4 (Analgesic Agents Used in Rodents).
· Greenacre CB, Schumacher JP, Talke G, et al. Comparative antinociception of morphine, butorphanol, and buprenorphine versus saline in the green iguana, Iguana iguana, using electrostimulation. J Herp Med Surg. 2006;16:88-92. doi:10.5818/1529-9651.16.3.88 — Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Ed, p.570
· Greenacre, C.B., Luna, G.L., and Morishita, T.M. (2018). Backyard poultry and waterfowl. In: Exotic Animal Formulary, 5e (ed. J.W. Carpenter), 377-432. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. — Source: Greenacre & Morishita, Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery, 2nd Ed, p.590 — CORROBORATED 2026-08-06 by independent literature: Two-Dimensional, M-Mode, and Doppler Echocardiographic Reference Intervals in Adult Chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) of Hobby Flock Breeds. (Animals: an open access journal from MDPI, 2026). doi:10.3390/ani16091308. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16091308. The paper reports this drug at this dose in this species: "ls for adult chickens of non-commercial breeds. Healthy adult chickens ( n = 126) of both sexes and […]". This is a second source alongside the book already cited; it corroborates the figure and does not by itself establish that the dose is correct.
· Heatley J. Hedgehogs. In: Mitchell MA, Tully TN Jr., eds. Manual of Exotic Pet Practice; Saunders/Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2009:433-455.; Johnson D. African pygmy hedgehogs. In: Meredith A, Johnson-Delaney C, eds. BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets, 5th ed., British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester, UK; 2010:139-147. — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 8.6 (Analgesic/Antiinflammatory Agents Used in Hedgehogs).
· Houghton KJ, Rech RH, Sawyer DC, et al. Dose-Response of Intravenous Butorphanol to Increase Visceral Nociceptive Threshold in Dogs. P Soc Exp Biol Med. 1991;197(3):290-296. doi:10.3181/00379727-197-43258 — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.160, Butorphanol monograph spanning p.157-163.
· Lascelles BDX, Robertson SA. Use of thermal threshold response to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65(8):1085-1089. / 45. Ansah OB, Vainio O, Hellsten C, Raekallio M. Postoperative Pain Control in Cats: Clinical Trials with Medetomidine and Butorphanol. Vet Surg. 2002;31(2):99-103. doi:10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1085 — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.157, Butorphanol monograph spanning p.157-163.
· Lascelles BDX, Robertson SA. Use of thermal threshold response to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65(8):1085-1089. doi:10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1085 — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.157, Butorphanol monograph spanning p.157-163. — Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed, Butorphanol monograph, printed p.161, CATS, "In combination as an anesthetic or sedative adjunct (extra-label)": "butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg in combination with (preservative-free) alfaxalone 3 mg/kg drawn up in the […]"; "butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg combined with dexmedetomidine 25 ug/kg and ketamine 3 mg/kg as a single IM injection".
· Parkinson L, Mans C. Anesthetic and Postanesthetic Effects of Alfaxalone-Butorphanol Compared with Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine in Chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2017;56(3):290-295. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5438922/
· Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023) — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.157, Butorphanol monograph spanning p.157-163. — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.160, Butorphanol monograph.
· Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023), Butorphanol, p.189, CATTLE / Analgesic (extra-label) — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.157, Butorphanol monograph spanning p.157-163.
· Ramsey I, ed. BSAVA Small Animal Formulary, 10th ed. Part B: Exotic Pets. Gloucester: British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2023. p.47. — CORROBORATED 2026-08-06 by independent literature: Comparative analgesic efficacy of morphine sulfate and butorphanol tartrate in koi (Cyprinus carpio) undergoing unilateral gonadectomy. (Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013). doi:10.2460/javma.243.6.882. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.243.6.882. The paper reports this drug at this dose in this species: "nimals 90 adult male and female koi. Procedures Each fish received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution […]". This is a second source alongside the book already cited; it corroborates the figure and does not by itself establish that the dose is correct. ROUTE DIFFERS: this rule is I.M. but the sentence quoted describes IM. The dose figure is corroborated; the route is not.
· Raphael BL. Chelonians. In: Fowler ME, Miller RE, eds. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 5th ed., Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2003:48-58. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.236 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles.a).
· Riggs SM, Hawkins MG, Craigmill AL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). Am J Vet Res. 2008;69:596-603. / 820. Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Flammer K, Paul-Murphy J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol after oral, intravenous and intramuscular administration in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). J Avian Med Surg. 2011;25:185-191. doi:10.2460/ajvr.69.5.596 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).
· Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Flammer K, Paul-Murphy J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol after oral, intravenous and intramuscular administration in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). J Avian Med Surg. 2011;25:185-191. doi:10.1647/2009-054.1 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).
· Sawyer DC, Rech RH, Durham RA, Adams T, Richter MA, Striler EL. Dose response to butorphanol administered subcutaneously to increase visceral nociceptive threshold in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52(11):1826-1830. / 27. Houghton KJ, Rech RH, Sawyer DC, et al. Dose-Response of Intravenous Butorphanol to Increase Visceral Nociceptive Threshold in Dogs. P Soc Exp Biol Med. 1991;197(3):290-296. doi:10.2460/ajvr.1991.52.11.1826 — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.157, Butorphanol monograph spanning p.157-163.
· Sawyer DC, Rech RH, Durham RA, Adams T, Richter MA, Striler EL. Dose response to butorphanol administered subcutaneously to increase visceral nociceptive threshold in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52(11):1826-1830. doi:10.2460/ajvr.1991.52.11.1826 — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.160, Butorphanol monograph spanning p.157-163.
· Singh PM, Johnson C, Gartrell B, et al. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol in broiler chickens. Vet Rec. 2011;168:588-591. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.641 doi:10.1136/vr.d1191 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 6.4 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Analgesic Agents Used in Backyard Poultry,).
· Sladky KK, Kinney ME, Johnson SM. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233(2):267-273. doi:10.2460/javma.233.2.267PMID:18627230 — bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps), butorphanol 2 or 20 mg/kg SC: did NOT alter thermal withdrawal latency at 2-24 h, while morphine did. Documents this dose in this species; does not demonstrate analgesia. — https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.2.267
· Sladky KK, Krugner-Higby L, Meek-Walker E, et al. Serum concentrations and analgesic effects of liposome-encapsulated and standard butorphanol tartrate in parrots. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:775-781. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.448 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).
Ferret Drug Dosing: A Vet Reference
Antibiotic, analgesic, antiparasitic, and adrenal/insulinoma dosing for Mustela putorius furo — and the ferret-specific physiology that should change your prescribing.