Pain Management in Blue-and-Gold Macaws

Bird · Ara ararauna · typical adult weight 0.90–1.30 kg

2 cited drugs treat Pain Management in blue-and-gold macaws: Butorphanol, Carprofen.

Multimodal analgesia spanning NSAIDs, opioids, local anaesthetics, NMDA antagonists (ketamine), α2 agonists, and adjuncts. Species safety matters: NSAIDs are unsafe in some reptiles, opioid receptor distributions differ in birds, and rabbits tolerate buprenorphine particularly well.

The overview above describes Pain Management across species; the citations below are the ExoticRx dose rules scoped to blue-and-gold macaws — a reference list, not new species-specific clinical guidance.

Butorphanol(Torbugesic, Torbutrol)

Analgesic

Route	Dose	Frequency	Indication	Evidence	Source
IM, IV	0.5–4 mg/kg	q1-4h	Analgesia / sedation (kappa-opioid agonist-antagonist)	Weak	Sladky KK, Krugner-Higby L, Meek-Walker E, et al. Serum concentrations and analgesic effects of liposome-encapsulated and standard butorphanol tartrate in parrots. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:775-781. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.448 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929

Full Butorphanol dosing in Blue-and-Gold Macaws →Calculate for this blue-and-gold macaw →

Carprofen(Rimadyl, Novox)

Analgesic

Route	Dose	Frequency	Indication	Evidence	Source
SC, IM	2–10 mg/kg	not stated in the row	NSAID analgesia / anti-inflammatory	Weak	Edling TM. Anaesthesia and analgesia. In: Chitty J, Harcourt-Brown N, eds. BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds; British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester, UK; 2005:87-96. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.458 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.6 (Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents Used in Birds). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: BSAVA Small Animal Formulary, Part A — Canine and Feline — ISBN 9781910443705, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781910443705; Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929

Full Carprofen dosing in Blue-and-Gold Macaws →Calculate for this blue-and-gold macaw →

All drugs cited for Pain Management →All drugs for Blue-and-Gold Macaws →

Other conditions in Blue-and-Gold Macaws

Bacterial Infections Endoparasites Sedation Giardiasis

Sourced from published veterinary references; awaiting credentialed clinical reviewer. See our editorial process. Reference only — not veterinary advice. Verify against current literature before clinical use.