Bird · Ara ararauna · typical adult weight 0.90–1.30 kg
Theophylline is dosed at 5–10 mg/kg PO q12h in blue-and-gold macaws, per Beaufrère H. Personal observation. 2017/2020. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.494 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.18 (Miscellaneous Agents Used in Birds). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929. Theophylline is used in blue-and-gold macaws for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Routes documented in blue-and-gold macaws: PO. A typical adult blue-and-gold macaw weighs 0.90–1.30 kg. ExoticRx lists 1 cited dose rule for Theophylline in blue-and-gold macaws, drawn from published veterinary references. Verify against current literature before clinical use.
US trade names: Theo-Dur, Theo-24
| Route | Dose | Frequency | Indication | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PO | 5–10 mg/kg | q12h | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Weak | Beaufrère H. Personal observation. 2017/2020. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.494 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.18 (Miscellaneous Agents Used in Birds). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929 |
Every held source for this drug and species, as printed. Where they differ, both are shown — the choice is yours, not ours.
The sources disagree for this combination. The ranges below do not overlap on a comparable route. This is not an error in one of them — published veterinary references differ, and reconciling them for a particular patient is a clinical judgement.
| Dose (mg/kg) | Route | Source | As printed |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | PO | BSAVA Small Animal Formulary, 10th ed — Part B (Exotic Pets)p.295 | 10mg/kg p.o. q12h |
| 2 | PO | Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th edTable 5.18 | 2 mg/kg PO q12h |
| 5–10 | PO | Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th edTable 5.18 | 5-10 mg/kg PO q12h |
Figures are transcribed from the cited page or table of each held edition and are shown for reference only. They are not dose recommendations, they do not feed the calculator, and none has been reviewed by a veterinarian.
Need the exact dose for your patient?
These ranges are per kg. Enter your blue-and-gold macaw's weight to get the precise dose and draw-up volume — unit and concentration math done for you.
Inhibits phosphodiesterase, increasing cAMP. Also antagonizes adenosine receptors. Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and improves diaphragmatic contractility.
Narrow therapeutic index. Serum monitoring recommended (10-20 mcg/ml). Tachycardia, GI upset, CNS stimulation, seizures in overdose. Many drug interactions (fluoroquinolones, cimetidine increase levels).
Species-specific contraindications and adverse-reaction reports for blue-and-gold macaws may differ from canine / feline reference data — consult the primary citations listed with each rule.
Theophylline dose range in blue-and-gold macaws, with cited source references: PO 5–10 mg/kg q12h. Reference ranges from cited sources — verify against current literature before clinical use.
Documented routes for Theophylline in blue-and-gold macaws: PO.
Theophylline is indicated in blue-and-gold macaws for: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
These are general warnings for Theophylline across species; consult the blue-and-gold macaw dosing table above for species-specific guidance. Narrow therapeutic index. Serum monitoring recommended (10-20 mcg/ml). Tachycardia, GI upset, CNS stimulation, seizures in overdose. Many drug interactions (fluoroquinolones, cimetidine increase levels).
Why a species-specific page? Theophylline pharmacokinetics differ across species: dose ranges, intervals, and route preferences are not interchangeable. Cross-extrapolation from canine doses is unsafe in blue-and-gold macaws — the rules above are the citations specific to this species, not generic recommendations.
Sourced from published veterinary references; awaiting credentialed clinical reviewer. See our editorial process. Reference only — not veterinary advice.