Sourced from published veterinary references. Awaiting credentialed clinical reviewer — our editorial process.
Vitamin K1 is dosed at 0.25–0.5 mg/kg IM q24h in ball pythons, per Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th ed. (2023), Table 4.9, corpus p.268 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.9 (Nutritional/Mineral/Fluid Support Used in Reptiles.a). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929 | Frequency source, previously uncited: BSAVA Small Animal Formulary 10th ed Part B - Exotic Pets, Vitamin K1 (Phytomenadione), printed p.306: "Reptiles: 0.5 mg/kg i.m. q24h." carpenter Table 4.9 prints "Vitamin K1 | 0.25-0.5 mg/kg IM63 | Most species/hypovitaminosis K1, coagulopathies" with NO interval, and mader Table 127.6 (ref 63 followed to its own chapter) prints the identical figure, also with no interval.. Verify against current literature before clinical use.
Essential cofactor for hepatic carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X. Reverses vitamin K-dependent coagulopathy from anticoagulant rodenticides.
Side effects & warnings
Give PO with fatty food (fat-soluble). SC preferred over IM (hematoma risk) or IV (anaphylaxis risk). Long-acting rodenticides (brodifacoum) require 4-6 weeks treatment. Monitor PT.
Species with Vitamin K1 dosing data (17 dose rules)
Each ExoticRx dose rule is graded by the strength of its primary evidence — see the editorial process.
Backed by 15 published sources
· 108. Jin S, Sell JL. Dietary vitamin K1 requirements and comparison of biopotency of different vitamin K sources for young turkeys. Poult Sci. 2001;80:615-620. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.653 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 6.10 (Ophthalmologic Agents Used in Backyard Poultry and Waterfowl.a). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Backyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery — ISBN 9781119511755, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781119511755
· 46. Ewringmann A, Gloeckner B. Leitsymptome bei Meerschweinchen, Chinchilla und Degu, Enke, Stuttgart, Germany; 2012. | 47. Ewringmann A, Gloeckner B. Leitsymptome bei Hamster, Ratte, Maus und Rennmaus, Enke, Stuttgart, Germany; 2014. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.803 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.7 (Miscellaneous Agents Used in Rodents). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929,
Sample dosing (2 of 17 cited rules)
A dog/cat sample is shown here. Cited dosing for all 17 species — reptiles, birds, pocket pets, livestock, and equine — is free on the per-species pages above. Pro adds the weight-based calculator for every species.
Papich MG, Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs, 4th ed, printed p.638 (corpus PDF p.666) - Phytonadione, Small Animal Dosage, Dogs and Cats: 'Treatment of long-acting rodenticides: 2.5-5 mg/kg/day for 3-4 weeks IM, SQ, or PO.' SC route also printed in Plumb's 9th printed p.1025: 'Initial dose of 2.5 - 5 mg/kg PO or SC' and 'label dosage ... 0.25 - 5 mg/kg SC or IM'. BSAVA 10th ed p.434: 'Known inandione (diphacinone) or unknown anticoagulant toxicity: initially 2.5-5 mg/kg s.c. over several sites.' — Plumb's 10th ed (held) printed p.1024-1025 (corpus PDF p.1051-1052), Phytonadione monograph, Dosages [LOCATOR CORRECTED 2026-08-12 — the clause previously here named the Vitamin A monograph]; page located 2026-08-05 from the book's own running heads, verified to name the drug in its body text. — EDITION NOTE 2026-08-06: this rule's Plumb's reference names the 9th edition, which is not held and was never consulted. The held copy is the 10th ed (2023). The Plumb's line was never confirmed against the held edition, so rely on it only as background; any other source named in this citation is unaffected. — SOURCE EDITION: BSAVA Small Animal Formulary, Part A — Canine and Feline — ISBN 9781910443705, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781910443705; Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook — ISBN 9781394172207, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781394172207; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs — ISBN 9780323244855,
Upgrade to Pro or Student to unlock the full dose ranges and frequency for every species. The drug's mechanism, warnings, indications, and cited sources are free to read.
· 46. Ewringmann A, Gloeckner B. Leitsymptome bei Meerschweinchen, Chinchilla und Degu, Enke, Stuttgart, Germany; 2012.; 47. Ewringmann A, Gloeckner B. Leitsymptome bei Hamster, Ratte, Maus und Rennmaus, Enke, Stuttgart, Germany; 2014. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.803 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.7 (Miscellaneous Agents Used in Rodents). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· 63. Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO -- 2019:1191-1211. Carpenter Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.9 (Nutritional/Mineral/Fluid Support Used in Reptiles). The held copy is an ebook conversion with no printed pagination, so the TABLE, not the page, is the citable location. SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter Exotic Animal Formulary -- ISBN 9780323833929
· 99. Gibbons PM, Klaphake E, Carpenter JW. Reptiles. In: Carpenter JW, ed. Exotic Animal Formulary. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2013:83-182. — Source: Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Ed, printed p.1209 (Table 127.8) [w3r2 2026-08-14 - the former p.1419 was the PDF index of the held scan, not the printed page. Running head on that page reads CHAPTER 127 Reptile Formulary 1209. Offset +210 confirmed across six pages] — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.9 (Nutritional/Mineral/Fluid Support Used in Reptiles.a). Located 2026-08-05: the only table covering this species in which the drug's own row prints this dose. The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery (Divers & Stahl) — ISBN 9780323482530, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323482530
· Allen DG, Pringle JK, Smith DA, et al. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs, 2nd ed., JB Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, PA, 1998:749-842. - Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.11 (Nutritional/Mineral Support and Supplementation Used in Birds), psittacine row: '10-20 mg/kg IM q12-24h15 | Psittacines'.
· Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.268 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.9 (Nutritional/Mineral/Fluid Support Used in Reptiles.a). Located 2026-08-05: the only table covering this species in which the drug's own row prints this dose. The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery (Divers & Stahl) — ISBN 9780323482530, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323482530
· Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.268 — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery (Divers & Stahl) — ISBN 9780323482530, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323482530
· Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 10.10 (Miscellaneous Agents Used in Rabbits). Located 2026-08-05: the only table covering this species in which the drug's own row prints this dose. The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th ed. (2023), Table 4.9, corpus p.268 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.9 (Nutritional/Mineral/Fluid Support Used in Reptiles.a). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929 | Frequency source, previously uncited: BSAVA Small Animal Formulary 10th ed Part B - Exotic Pets, Vitamin K1 (Phytomenadione), printed p.306: "Reptiles: 0.5 mg/kg i.m. q24h." carpenter Table 4.9 prints "Vitamin K1 | 0.25-0.5 mg/kg IM63 | Most species/hypovitaminosis K1, coagulopathies" with NO interval, and mader Table 127.6 (ref 63 followed to its own chapter) prints the identical figure, also with no interval.
· Ewringmann A, Gloeckner B. Leitsymptome bei Meerschweinchen, Chinchilla und Degu, Enke, Stuttgart, Germany; 2012.; Ewringmann A, Gloeckner B. Leitsymptome bei Hamster, Ratte, Maus und Rennmaus, Enke, Stuttgart, Germany; 2014. — Verified against Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.803 (2026-08-01). — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.7 (Miscellaneous Agents Used in Rodents). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Harkness JE. A Practitioner's Guide to Domestic Rodents, American Animal Hospital Association, Lakewood, CO; 1993. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.803 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.7 (Miscellaneous Agents Used in Rodents). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Papich MG, Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs, 4th ed, printed p.638 (corpus PDF p.666) - Phytonadione, Small Animal Dosage, Dogs and Cats: 'Treatment of long-acting rodenticides: 2.5-5 mg/kg/day for 3-4 weeks IM, SQ, or PO.' SC route also printed in Plumb's 9th printed p.1025: 'Initial dose of 2.5 - 5 mg/kg PO or SC' and 'label dosage ... 0.25 - 5 mg/kg SC or IM'. BSAVA 10th ed p.434: 'Known inandione (diphacinone) or unknown anticoagulant toxicity: initially 2.5-5 mg/kg s.c. over several sites.' — Plumb's 10th ed (held) printed p.1024-1025 (corpus PDF p.1051-1052), Phytonadione monograph, Dosages [LOCATOR CORRECTED 2026-08-12 — the clause previously here named the Vitamin A monograph]; page located 2026-08-05 from the book's own running heads, verified to name the drug in its body text. — EDITION NOTE 2026-08-06: this rule's Plumb's reference names the 9th edition, which is not held and was never consulted. The held copy is the 10th ed (2023). The Plumb's line was never confirmed against the held edition, so rely on it only as background; any other source named in this citation is unaffected. — SOURCE EDITION: BSAVA Small Animal Formulary, Part A — Canine and Feline — ISBN 9781910443705, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781910443705; Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook — ISBN 9781394172207, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781394172207; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs — ISBN 9780323244855,
· Papich MG, Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs, 4th ed, printed p.638 (corpus PDF p.666) - Phytonadione, Small Animal Dosage, Dogs and Cats: 'Treatment of long-acting rodenticides: 2.5-5 mg/kg/day for 3-4 weeks IM, SQ, or PO.' Same figure in Riviere & Papich, Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (vpt) printed p.638: 'For treatment of long-acting rodenticides administer 2.5-5 mg/kg/day for 3-4 weeks IM, SC, or PO.' And in the exotic ECC text (eecc PDF p.374): 'Vitamin K1 2.5-5 mg/kg IM q24h x 4-6 days (warfarin), x 21-28 days (brodifacoum).' — SOURCE EDITION: Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs — ISBN 9780323244855, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323244855; Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics — ISBN 9781118855829, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781118855829
· Speer BL (ed), Current Therapy in Avian Medicine and Surgery, Elsevier, Appendix 1, Table 11 (Nutritional/Mineral Support), printed p.819: 'Vitamin K1 (phytonadione) | 2.5 mg/kg IM q24h until hemostasis, then q7d prn | Psittacines/vitamin K responsive disorders, hematochezia, coagulopathy'. REPLACES the Carpenter Tables 5.4/5.9/5.11 anchor: carpenter does not print this regimen anywhere - a corpus-wide search for 'until hemostasis' across 23,433 pages returns two pages and carpenter is not one of them.
Papich MG, Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs, 4th ed, printed p.638 (corpus PDF p.666) - Phytonadione, Small Animal Dosage, Dogs and Cats: 'Treatment of long-acting rodenticides: 2.5-5 mg/kg/day for 3-4 weeks IM, SQ, or PO.' Same figure in Riviere & Papich, Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (vpt) printed p.638: 'For treatment of long-acting rodenticides administer 2.5-5 mg/kg/day for 3-4 weeks IM, SC, or PO.' And in the exotic ECC text (eecc PDF p.374): 'Vitamin K1 2.5-5 mg/kg IM q24h x 4-6 days (warfarin), x 21-28 days (brodifacoum).' — SOURCE EDITION: Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs — ISBN 9780323244855, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323244855; Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics — ISBN 9781118855829, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781118855829