What routes can Midazolam be administered by?

Available routes: IV, IM, INTRANASAL.

Which species have cited Midazolam dosing data?

Midazolam dosing in the ExoticRx formulary covers 41 species: African Grey Parrot, African Pygmy Hedgehog, Amazon Parrot, Argentine Tegu, Ball Python, Bearded Dragon, Blue-and-Gold Macaw, Blue-tongue Skink, Budgerigar, Canary, Cat (Domestic), Chinchilla, Crested Gecko, Degu, Dog (Domestic), Domestic Pigeon, Dwarf Hamster, Eastern Box Turtle, Ferret, Gerbil, Great Horned Owl, Green Iguana, Guinea Pig, Harris Hawk, Horse (Equine), Leopard Gecko, Lovebird, Mouse, Peregrine Falcon, Pet Rat, Prairie Dog, Quaker/Monk Parakeet, Rabbit (Domestic), Red-eared Slider, Red-tailed Hawk, Russian Tortoise, Sugar Glider, Sulcata Tortoise, Umbrella Cockatoo, Veiled Chameleon, Zebra Finch.

Is Midazolam a controlled substance?

Yes — Midazolam is a controlled substance under US federal law.

Midazolam

US brand names:Versed

Calculate dosage

Sourced from published veterinary references. Awaiting credentialed clinical reviewer — our editorial process.

Midazolam is dosed at 0.5–2 mg/kg IM once in rabbits, per Morissey JM, Carpenter JW. Appendix: Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, OrcuttCJ, Mans C, et al. Ferrets, Rabbits and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. Verify against current literature before clinical use.

Drug Class

Anesthetic

Routes

IVIMINTRANASAL

Indications

'Sedation Anesthesia induction (DKM protocol)anticonvulsantanxiolyticAppetite stimulation in the hyporexic or anorexic birdchemical restraintCo-induction agentConscious sedationControl of fitsImmobilization (sedation/anesthesia)intranasalIsoflurane sparing during general anaesthesia

Show all 35

minor proceduresPre-anaesthetic sedation Pre-anesthetic sedationPre-medication (anxiolysis)preanaestheticPreanestheticPreanesthetic medicationpreferred over diazepampremedicationpremedication (use lower doses)restraint and minor proceduressedation (premedication before isoflurane)Sedation and chemical restraint Sedation — deepens a dexmedetomidine-ketamine protocol Sedation/chemical restraint Sedation/preanesthetic Sedation/premedication in combinationSedativeSeizure control

Mechanism of Action

Enhances GABA-A receptor activity, increasing chloride conductance. Provides anxiolysis, sedation, muscle relaxation, and anticonvulsant effects.

Side effects & warnings

May cause paradoxical excitement in healthy dogs when used alone. Water-soluble (less painful IM than diazepam). Respiratory depression at high doses. Flumazenil is the reversal agent.

Species with Midazolam dosing data (57 dose rules)

African Grey Parrot African Pygmy Hedgehog Amazon Parrot Argentine Tegu Ball Python Bearded Dragon Blue-and-Gold Macaw Blue-tongue Skink Budgerigar Canary Cat (Domestic)Chinchilla Crested Gecko Degu Dog (Domestic)

Controlled Substance

Controlled substance in the US

Controlled-drug status and schedules differ by country — check your local scheduling rules.

Evidence levels across 57 dose rules

Moderate×28Strong×11Weak×18

Each ExoticRx dose rule is graded by the strength of its primary evidence — see the editorial process.

Sample dosing (2 of 57 cited rules)

A dog/cat sample is shown here. Cited dosing for all 41 species — reptiles, birds, pocket pets, livestock, and equine — is free on the per-species pages above. Pro adds the weight-based calculator for every species.

Species	Route	Dose	Frequency	Evidence	Source
Cat (Domestic)	IV	0.1–0.3 mg/kg	once	Strong	Biermann K, Hungerbuhler S, Mischke R, Kastner SBR. Sedative, cardiovascular, haematologic and biochemical effects of four different drug combinations administered intramuscularly in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2012;39(2):137-150. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00699.x — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884.
Cat (Domestic)	IM	0.2–0.5 mg/kg	once	Strong	Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023), Midazolam monograph, p.910 (CATS); refs 36 = Marjani M, Akbarinejad V, Bagheri M. Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular ketamine-midazolam combination in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2015;42(2):178-181; 37 = Ueoka N, Hikasa Y. Effects in cats of atipamezole, flumazenil and 4-aminopyridine. J Feline Med Surg. 2015;17(8):711-718; 39 = Wheeler EP, Abelson EL, Lindsey JC, Wetmore LA. Sedative effects of alfaxalone and hydromorphone with or without midazolam in cats: a pilot study. J Feline Med Surg. 2021;23(12) — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884.

Report an error in this entry

Backed by 47 published sourcesShow

· 130. Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.787 — Carpenter 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents), the 1-2 mg/kg IM All species/preanesthetic row bearing superscript 130.
· 130. Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.787 — PRINTED DETAIL MISSING FROM THIS RULE (retrieved 2026-08-19): Same "All species" row covers the mouse, but the next printed row is "2-3 mg/kg IM172 | Rats, mice, gerbils" (Carpenter's Table 9.3), the cited source prints "1.0-2.5 mg/kg SC, IM (R); 1-5 mg/kg SC, IM (M)" (FRR 4e Table A.4, printed p.628), and BSAVA-B prints "Rodents: 2-5 mg/kg i.v., i.m., i.p." (10th ed Part B, printed p.205) — no interval is printed in any of them

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Other formulations of Midazolam

Midazolam Injectable

Calculate Dosage for Midazolam

shorter duration than diazepam

Compilation only — we have not located an independent source that prints this figure.

172. Wenger S. Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits and rodents. J Exot Pet Med. 2012;21:7-16. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.787 doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.010 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents).

· 18. Bennett RA. A review of anesthesia and chemical restraint in reptiles. J Zoo Wildl Med. 1991;22:282-303. | 19. Bennett RA. Anesthesia. In: Mader DR, ed. Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1996:241-247. — Source: Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Ed, p.1412

· 43. Bailey TA, Apo MM. Pharmaceutics commonly used in avian medicine. In: Samour J, eds. Avian Medicine, 3rd ed., Mosby Elsevier, Edinburgh, Scotland; 2016:637-678. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.454 doi:10.1016/b978-0-7234-3832-8.00023-7 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).

· 43. Bailey TA, Apo MM. Pharmaceutics commonly used in avian medicine. In: Samour J, eds. Avian Medicine, 3rd ed., Mosby Elsevier, Edinburgh, Scotland; 2016:637-678. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.454 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).

· 575. Mans C, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Lahner LL, et al. Intranasal midazolam for conscious sedation in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Proc Annu Conf Am Assoc Zoo Vet; 2010:160. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.454 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).

· 63. Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. | 327. Miller LJ, Fetterer DP, Garza NL, et al. A fixed moderate-dose combination of tiletamine+zolazepam outperforms midazolam in induction of short-term immobilization of ball pythons (Python regius). PLoS ONE. 2018;13:1-15. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.246

· Abou-Madi N. Avian anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2001;4:147-167. — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).

· Biermann K, Hungerbuhler S, Mischke R, Kastner SBR. Sedative, cardiovascular, haematologic and biochemical effects of four different drug combinations administered intramuscularly in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2012;39(2):137-150. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00699.x — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884.

· Bisetto SP, Melo CF, Carregaro AB. Evaluation of sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine, midazolam and dexmedetomidine-midazolam in tegus (Salvator merianae). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2018;45(3):320-328. doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2017.12.004 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555147/

· Bressan TF, Sobreira T, Carregaro AB. Use of rodent sedation tests to evaluate midazolam and flumazenil in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2019;58(6):810-816. doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005 https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31645234 — CORROBORATED 2026-08-06 by independent literature: Use of Rodent Sedation Tests to Evaluate Midazolam and Flumazenil in Green Iguanas ( Iguana iguana ). (Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science: JAALAS, 2019). doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005. https://doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005. The paper reports this drug at this dose in this species: "n in rodents-the open field test, forced swim test, behavioral scale, and traction test-were […]". This is a second source alongside the book already cited; it corroborates the figure and does not by itself establish that the dose is correct.

· Bressan TF, Sobreira T, Carregaro AB. Use of rodent sedation tests to evaluate midazolam and flumazenil in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2019;58:810-816. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.247 doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles.a). — CORROBORATED 2026-08-06 by independent literature: Use of Rodent Sedation Tests to Evaluate Midazolam and Flumazenil in Green Iguanas ( Iguana iguana ). (Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science: JAALAS, 2019). doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005. https://doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005. The paper reports this drug at this dose in this species: "n in rodents-the open field test, forced swim test, behavioral scale, and traction test-were […]". This is a second source alongside the book already cited; it corroborates the figure and does not by itself establish that the dose is correct.

· Browning GR, Eshar D, Beaufrère H. Comparison of dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam and isoflurane for anesthesia of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2019;58:50-57. doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000001 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents). — CORROBORATED 2026-08-06 by independent literature: Comparison of the effects of a dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam anesthetic protocol versus isoflurane inhalation anesthesia on echocardiography variables and plasma cardiac tropo (American journal of veterinary research, 2019). doi:10.2460/ajvr.80.12.1114. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.80.12.1114. The paper reports this drug at this dose in this species: "BTPDs. Procedures Each BTPD was randomly assigned to be anesthetized by IM administration of […]". This is a second source alongside the book already cited; it corroborates the figure and does not by itself establish that the dose is correct.

· Brust DM, Mans C. Sugar gliders. In: Carpenter JW, eds. Exotic Animal Formulary, 5th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2018:432-442.; Hedley J. BSAVA Small Animal Formulary. Part B: Exotic Pets, 10th ed., British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester, UK; 2020.; Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW, et al. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Orcutt CJ, Mans C, et al. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630.; Ness RD, Johnson-Delaney C. Sugar gliders. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Saunders/Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2012:393-410.; Rivas AE, Pye GW, Papendick R. Dermal hemangiosarcoma in a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps). J Exot Pet Med. 2014;23:384-388. doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2014.07.001

· Carpenter 6e — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents).

· Carpenter 6e — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th ed, Table 9.3. NOTE: the served figure was matched against the table as a whole, not against this drug's own row, so confirm the number on the page before relying on it.

· Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. — ANCHOR REPLACED - UNSOURCED, NOT UNSAFE. Neither cited location carries this protocol. Carpenter 6th ed Table 4.5 midazolam block (idx p.246 AND its continuation p.247, both read) prints no SC route, no 0.5 mg/kg point dose and no alfaxalone plus dexmedetomidine plus midazolam combination - its rows are 0.1-1 mg/kg Multiple species, 2 mg/kg IM Most species, 1 mg/kg IM Ball pythons, 0.5-2 mg/kg IM Lizards, 1 mg/kg IM tegus, 2 mg/kg IM green iguanas, 0.5-1.5 mg/kg IN tortoises, 1.5 mg/kg IM red-eared sliders, 2-3 mg/kg IV leatherbacks. Table 4.7 prints the only 0.5 mg/kg midazolam protocol under the SNAKES heading, and a species heading governs the rows below it. The second cited source, Mader 3rd ed 2019, predates the protocol. THE FIGURE IS FROM Ratliff C et al, Evaluating the Physiologic Effects of Alfaxalone, Dexmedetomidine, and Midazolam Combinations in Common Blue-Tongued Skinks (Tiliqua scincoides), Animals (Basel) 2024, 14(18):2636, doi:10.3390/ani14182636, PMID 39335227, PMCID PMC11429061 - open-access FULL TEXT read, Methods print "5 mg/kg alfaxalone, 0.05 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam [ADM]" administered subcutaneously to 11 skinks, and the recommendation is "ADM and AM are recommended for minor procedures in blue-tongue skinks". THE PARTNER DRUGS MUST STAY VISIBLE ON THE CARD - this figure has no standalone meaning.

· Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.246 — Carpenter 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles), row "0.5-2 mg/kg IM63 | Lizards". STATED LIMIT: the row prints NO interval and NO indication - the served frequency and indication are derived from the table scope, which is CONSISTENT, not verbatim.

· Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.862, Midazolam row '0.25-2 mg/kg SC, IM, IV166 Sedation; preanesthetic' (ref 166 = Morrissey JM, Carpenter JW, Appendix: Formulary). Corroborated in-species by frr 4th Ed Appendix Table A.4, Rabbits column: 'Midazolam 0.25-2 mg/kg SC, IM, IV'; and BSAVA Part B printed p.205: 'Rabbits: 0.2-2 mg/kg i.v., i.m.' — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 10.4 (Chemical Restraint/Sedative/Anesthetic/Analgesic Agents Used in Rabbits.a,b).

· Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds): 'Midazolam HCl | 0.1-2 mg/kg IM, IV6 | Most species/premedication at lower doses, onset = 15 min when administered IM'. Superscript 6 = Abou-Madi N, Avian anesthesia, Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2001,4:147-167. THE ZEBRA-FINCH-SPECIFIC 1 mg/kg IM FIGURE AND THE VERBATIM METHODS SENTENCE IN THIS RULE'S NOTES ARE FROM: Huan YP, Hsiao YT. Delayed evoked potentials in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) under midazolam-butorphanol-isoflurane anesthesia. PeerJ. 2019,7:e7937. doi:10.7717/peerj.7937 (PMID 31660277, PMC6815651). Note that study gave midazolam WITH butorphanol 1 mg/kg.

· Doss G. Personal observation; 2020. — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 8.4 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Hedgehogs).

· Doss GA, Fink DM, Sladky KK, Mans C. Comparison of subcutaneous dexmedetomidine-midazolam versus alfaxalone-midazolam sedation in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2017;44(5):1175-1183. doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2017.03.007 https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/28882371

· Graham JE, Doss GA, Beaufrère H, eds. Exotic Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. Wiley. Ch.16 Guinea Pigs, printed p.289: 'Anticonvulsant:. midazolam 0.5-2 mg/kg IM, IV'

· Heniff AC, Petritz OA, Carpenter RG, Lewbart GA, Balko JA. Anesthetic efficacy of dexmedetomidine-ketamine in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) is enhanced with the addition of midazolam and when administered in the forelimb versus the hindlimb. Am J Vet Res. 2024;85(2):ajvr.23.10.0226. doi:10.2460/ajvr.23.10.0226 https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/38039626

· Jeffrey A, Burns L, Santangelo S, Sallaberry-Pincheira N, Camlic S, Paredes B, Barletta M, et al. Medetomidine-vatinoxan-midazolam provides similar sedation depth with reduced bradycardia compared to dexmedetomidine-midazolam in pigeons (Columba livia domestica). Am J Vet Res. 2024;85(10):ajvr.24.05.0143. doi:10.2460/ajvr.24.05.0143 https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39127079

· Larouche CB, Beaufrère H, Mosley C, et al. Evaluation of the effects of midazolam and flumazenil in the ball python (Python regius). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2019;50:579-588. doi:10.1638/2019-0024; Miller LJ, Fetterer DP, Garza NL, et al. A fixed moderate-dose combination of tiletamine+zolazepam outperforms midazolam in induction of short-term immobilization of ball pythons (Python regius). PLoS ONE. 2018;13:1-15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199339 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles.a).

· Lennox AM. Safe sedation and immobilization of unusual exotic species encountered in practice. J Exot Pet Med. 2014;23:363-368. doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2014.07.013 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 8.4 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Hedgehogs).

· Marjani M, Akbarinejad V, Bagheri M. Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular ketamine-midazolam combination in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2015;42(2):178-181. doi:10.1111/vaa.12183 — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884.

· Martel A, Berg C, Doss G, et al. Effects of Midazolam on Food Intake in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). J Avian Med Surg. 2022;36(1):53-57. doi:10.1647/20-00096 https://doi.org/10.1647/20-00096

· Morissey JM, Carpenter JW. Appendix: Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, OrcuttCJ, Mans C, et al. Ferrets, Rabbits and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630.

· Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW, et al. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Orcutt CJ, Mans C, et al. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 11.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Ferrets).

· Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, 2021:620-630. - Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents): 'Midazolam | 1-2 mg/kg IM130 | All species/preanesthetic'. — PRINTED DETAIL MISSING FROM THIS RULE (retrieved 2026-08-19): 1-2 mg/kg IM130 | All species/preanesthetic — Carpenter's 6e, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents). Flag does NOT hold: the degu-named figures are combination doses from "Jekl V. Personal communication; 2016" (ref 82). Missing printed scope limit — FRR 4e printed p.327, Ch.23 Degus, Drug Therapy: "To the author's knowledge, no pharmacokinetic data exist for any drugs in degus, and dosages are […]"

· Oppenheim YC, Moon PF. Sedative effects of midazolam in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). J Zoo Wildl Med. 1995;26:409-413. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.247 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles.a).

· Plumb's 10th ed printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884.

· Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023) — Midazolam, DOGS, Status epilepticus (extra-label), printed p.882

· Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023) — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884.

· Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023), Midazolam monograph, p.910 (CATS); refs 36 = Marjani M, Akbarinejad V, Bagheri M. Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular ketamine-midazolam combination in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2015;42(2):178-181; 37 = Ueoka N, Hikasa Y. Effects in cats of atipamezole, flumazenil and 4-aminopyridine. J Feline Med Surg. 2015;17(8):711-718; 39 = Wheeler EP, Abelson EL, Lindsey JC, Wetmore LA. Sedative effects of alfaxalone and hydromorphone with or without midazolam in cats: a pilot study. J Feline Med Surg. 2021;23(12) — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884.

· Samour, Avian Medicine, 3rd Ed. (raptor formulary appendix), p.670. Row as printed binds this dose to raptors on its own line: "Midazolam Hypnovel (Roche); Raptors IV or IM 0.5-1 mg/kg tid Control of fits; shorter duration than diazepam".

· Schumacher J, Mans C. Anesthesia. In: Mader DR, Divers SJ, eds. Current Therapy in Reptile Medicine and Surgery. St. Louis: WB Saunders; 2014: 134-153.

· Schäffer DP, Raposo AC, Libório FA, et al. Intranasal administration of midazolam in blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara araruana): evaluation of sedative effects. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2016;43(4):459-460. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.454 doi:10.1111/vaa.12355 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).

· Vesal N, Zare P. Clinical evaluation of intranasal benzodiazepines, alpha-agonists and their antagonists in canaries. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2006;33:143-148. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.454 doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00244.x — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b).

· Wakuno A, Aoki M, Kushiro A, et al. Comparison of alfaxalone, ketamine and thiopental for anaesthetic induction and recovery in Thoroughbred horses premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam. Equine Vet J. 2017;49(1):94-98. doi:10.1111/evj.12548; Vries A de, Thomson S, Taylor PM. Comparison of midazolam and diazepam as co-induction agents with ketamine for anaesthesia in sedated ponies undergoing field castration. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2015;42(5):512-517. doi:10.1111/vaa.12230; Smith MC, Bass L, Damone J, Mama K, Rao S. Comparison of xylazine and detomidine in combination with midazolam/ketamine for field castration in Quarter Horses. Equine Vet J. 2020;52(4):516-521. doi:10.1111/evj.13232 — Plumb's 10th ed printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884.

· Wenger S. Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits and rodents. J Exot Pet Med. 2012;21:7-16. doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.010 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents).

· Wenger S. Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits and rodents. J Exot Pet Med. 2012;21:7-16. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.787 doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.010 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents).

· Zaheer OA, Sanchez A, Beaufrere H. Minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane and sparing effect of midazolam in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2020;47(3):341-346. doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2020.01.005 https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32201049

Chinchilla Drug Dosing: A Vet Reference

Antibiotic, analgesic, anesthetic, and dental-disease dosing for Chinchilla lanigera. Same dysbiosis warnings as rabbits, plus the chinchilla-specific sensitivities to anesthesia and stress that change post-op care.