Sourced from published veterinary references. Awaiting credentialed clinical reviewer — our editorial process.
Midazolam is dosed at 1 mg/kg IM single dose in argentine tegus, per Bisetto SP, Melo CF, Carregaro AB. Evaluation of sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine, midazolam and dexmedetomidine-midazolam in tegus (Salvator merianae). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2018;45(3):320-328. doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2017.12.004https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555147/. Verify against current literature before clinical use.
May cause paradoxical excitement in healthy dogs when used alone. Water-soluble (less painful IM than diazepam). Respiratory depression at high doses. Flumazenil is the reversal agent.
Species with Midazolam dosing data (57 dose rules)
Each ExoticRx dose rule is graded by the strength of its primary evidence — see the editorial process.
Backed by 47 published sources
· 130. Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.787 — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery — ISBN 9780323484350, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323484350 [w3r2 2026-08-14] LOCATOR: Carpenter 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents), the 1-2 mg/kg IM All species/preanesthetic row bearing superscript 130. Held copy is a paginationless ebook conversion, so the table and not the page is the citable location.
· 130. Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.787 — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, ; Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery — ISBN 9780323484350, — PRINTED DETAIL MISSING FROM THIS RULE (retrieved 2026-08-19): Same "All species" row covers the mouse, but the next printed row is "2-3 mg/kg IM172 | Rats, mice, gerbils" (Carpenter's Table 9.3), the cited source prints "1.0-2.5 mg/kg SC, IM (R); 1-5 mg/kg SC, IM (M)" (FRR 4e Table A.4, printed p.628), and BSAVA-B prints "Rodents: 2-5 mg/kg i.v., i.m., i.p." (10th ed Part B, printed p.205) — no interval is printed in any of them
Sample dosing (2 of 57 cited rules)
A dog/cat sample is shown here. Cited dosing for all 41 species — reptiles, birds, pocket pets, livestock, and equine — is free on the per-species pages above. Pro adds the weight-based calculator for every species.
Biermann K, Hungerbuhler S, Mischke R, Kastner SBR. Sedative, cardiovascular, haematologic and biochemical effects of four different drug combinations administered intramuscularly in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2012;39(2):137-150. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00699.x — Verified against Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th Ed, p.909 (2026-08-01). — Plumb's 10th ed (held) printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884; page located 2026-08-05 from the book's own running heads, verified to name the drug in its body text. — SOURCE EDITION: Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook — ISBN 9781394172207, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781394172207
Upgrade to Pro or Student to unlock the full dose ranges and frequency for every species. The drug's mechanism, warnings, indications, and cited sources are free to read.
· 172. Wenger S. Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits and rodents. J Exot Pet Med. 2012;21:7-16. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.787 doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.010 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· 18. Bennett RA. A review of anesthesia and chemical restraint in reptiles. J Zoo Wildl Med. 1991;22:282-303. | 19. Bennett RA. Anesthesia. In: Mader DR, ed. Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1996:241-247. — Source: Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Ed, p.1412 — SOURCE EDITION: Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery (Divers & Stahl) — ISBN 9780323482530, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323482530
· 43. Bailey TA, Apo MM. Pharmaceutics commonly used in avian medicine. In: Samour J, eds. Avian Medicine, 3rd ed., Mosby Elsevier, Edinburgh, Scotland; 2016:637-678. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.454 doi:10.1016/b978-0-7234-3832-8.00023-7 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Avian Medicine (Samour) — ISBN 9780723438328, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780723438328
· 43. Bailey TA, Apo MM. Pharmaceutics commonly used in avian medicine. In: Samour J, eds. Avian Medicine, 3rd ed., Mosby Elsevier, Edinburgh, Scotland; 2016:637-678. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.454 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Avian Medicine (Samour) — ISBN 9780723438328, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780723438328
· 575. Mans C, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Lahner LL, et al. Intranasal midazolam for conscious sedation in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Proc Annu Conf Am Assoc Zoo Vet; 2010:160. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.454 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· 63. Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. | 327. Miller LJ, Fetterer DP, Garza NL, et al. A fixed moderate-dose combination of tiletamine+zolazepam outperforms midazolam in induction of short-term immobilization of ball pythons (Python regius). PLoS ONE. 2018;13:1-15. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.246 — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery (Divers & Stahl) — ISBN 9780323482530, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323482530
· 63. Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.246 — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery (Divers & Stahl) — ISBN 9780323482530, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323482530
· Abou-Madi N. Avian anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2001;4:147-167. — Verified against Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.454 (2026-08-01). — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Biermann K, Hungerbuhler S, Mischke R, Kastner SBR. Sedative, cardiovascular, haematologic and biochemical effects of four different drug combinations administered intramuscularly in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2012;39(2):137-150. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00699.x — Verified against Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th Ed, p.909 (2026-08-01). — Plumb's 10th ed (held) printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884; page located 2026-08-05 from the book's own running heads, verified to name the drug in its body text. — SOURCE EDITION: Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook — ISBN 9781394172207, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781394172207
· Bisetto SP, Melo CF, Carregaro AB. Evaluation of sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine, midazolam and dexmedetomidine-midazolam in tegus (Salvator merianae). Vet Anaesth Analg. 2018;45(3):320-328. doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2017.12.004https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555147/
· Bressan TF, Sobreira T, Carregaro AB. Use of rodent sedation tests to evaluate midazolam and flumazenil in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2019;58(6):810-816. doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31645234 — CORROBORATED 2026-08-06 by independent literature: Use of Rodent Sedation Tests to Evaluate Midazolam and Flumazenil in Green Iguanas ( Iguana iguana ). (Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 2019). doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005. https://doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005. The paper reports this drug at this dose in this species: "n in rodents-the open field test, forced swim test, behavioral scale, and traction test-were […]". This is a second source alongside the book already cited; it corroborates the figure and does not by itself establish that the dose is correct.
· Bressan TF, Sobreira T, Carregaro AB. Use of rodent sedation tests to evaluate midazolam and flumazenil in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2019;58:810-816. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.247 doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles.a). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — CORROBORATED 2026-08-06 by independent literature: Use of Rodent Sedation Tests to Evaluate Midazolam and Flumazenil in Green Iguanas ( Iguana iguana ). (Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 2019). doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005. https://doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000005. The paper reports this drug at this dose in this species: "n in rodents-the open field test, forced swim test, behavioral scale, and traction test-were […]". This is a second source alongside the book already cited; it corroborates the figure and does not by itself establish that the dose is correct. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Browning GR, Eshar D, Beaufrère H. Comparison of dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam and isoflurane for anesthesia of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2019;58:50-57. doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000001 — Verified against Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.785 (2026-08-01). — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — CORROBORATED 2026-08-06 by independent literature: Comparison of the effects of a dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam anesthetic protocol versus isoflurane inhalation anesthesia on echocardiography variables and plasma cardiac tropo (American journal of veterinary research, 2019). doi:10.2460/ajvr.80.12.1114. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.80.12.1114. The paper reports this drug at this dose in this species: "BTPDs. Procedures Each BTPD was randomly assigned to be anesthetized by IM administration of […]". This is a second source alongside the book already cited; it corroborates the figure and does not by itself establish that the dose is correct. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929,
· Brust DM, Mans C. Sugar gliders. In: Carpenter JW, eds. Exotic Animal Formulary, 5th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2018:432-442.; Hedley J. BSAVA Small Animal Formulary. Part B: Exotic Pets, 10th ed., British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester, UK; 2020.; Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW, et al. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Orcutt CJ, Mans C, et al. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630.; Ness RD, Johnson-Delaney C. Sugar gliders. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Saunders/Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2012:393-410.; Rivas AE, Pye GW, Papendick R. Dermal hemangiosarcoma in a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps). J Exot Pet Med. 2014;23:384-388. doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2014.07.001 — Verified against Carpenter Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 7.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Sugar Gliders) (2026-08-01). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table and not the page is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: BSAVA Small Animal Formulary, Part B — Exotic Pets — ISBN 9781910443712, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781910443712; Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, ; Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery — ISBN 9780323484350,
· Carpenter 6e — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents). Located 2026-08-05: the only table covering this species in which the drug's own row prints this dose. The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Carpenter 6e — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th ed, Table 9.3 (corpus PDF pp.782-785); located 2026-08-06 by chapter-governed table: this table is in the chapter covering this species and names this drug. NOTE: the served figure was matched against the table as a whole, not against this drug's own row, so confirm the number on the page before relying on it. The held copy has no printed page numbers, so the numbered table is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.246 — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery (Divers & Stahl) — ISBN 9780323482530, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323482530 [w3r2 2026-08-14] LOCATOR: Carpenter 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles), row "0.5-2 mg/kg IM63 | Lizards". Held copy is a paginationless ebook conversion, so the table and not the page is the citable location. STATED LIMIT: the row prints NO interval and NO indication - the served frequency and indication are derived from the table scope, which is CONSISTENT, not verbatim.
· Carpenter JW, Klaphake E, Gibbons PM, et al. Reptile formulary. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ, eds. Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2019:1191-1211. — Verified against Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.246 (2026-08-01). — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery (Divers & Stahl) — ISBN 9780323482530, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323482530 [w3r2 2026-08-14] ANCHOR REPLACED - UNSOURCED, NOT UNSAFE. Neither cited location carries this protocol. Carpenter 6th ed Table 4.5 midazolam block (idx p.246 AND its continuation p.247, both read) prints no SC route, no 0.5 mg/kg point dose and no alfaxalone plus dexmedetomidine plus midazolam combination - its rows are 0.1-1 mg/kg Multiple species, 2 mg/kg IM Most species, 1 mg/kg IM Ball pythons, 0.5-2 mg/kg IM Lizards, 1 mg/kg IM tegus, 2 mg/kg IM green iguanas, 0.5-1.5 mg/kg IN tortoises, 1.5 mg/kg IM red-eared sliders, 2-3 mg/kg IV leatherbacks. Table 4.7 prints the only 0.5 mg/kg midazolam protocol under the SNAKES heading, and a species heading governs the rows below it. The second cited source, Mader 3rd ed 2019, predates the protocol. THE FIGURE IS FROM Ratliff C et al, Evaluating the Physiologic Effects of Alfaxalone, Dexmedetomidine, and Midazolam Combinations in Common Blue-Tongued Skinks (Tiliqua scincoides), Animals (Basel) 2024, 14(18):2636, , , PMCID - open-access FULL TEXT read, Methods print "5 mg/kg alfaxalone, 0.05 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam [ADM]" administered subcutaneously to 11 skinks, and the recommendation is "ADM and AM are recommended for minor procedures in blue-tongue skinks". THE PARTNER DRUGS MUST STAY VISIBLE ON THE CARD - this figure has no standalone meaning.
· Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.862, Midazolam row '0.25-2 mg/kg SC, IM, IV166 Sedation; preanesthetic' (ref 166 = Morrissey JM, Carpenter JW, Appendix: Formulary). Corroborated in-species by frr 4th Ed Appendix Table A.4 (corpus p.640, printed p.628), Rabbits column: 'Midazolam 0.25-2 mg/kg SC, IM, IV'; and BSAVA Part B printed p.205 / corpus p.219: 'Rabbits: 0.2-2 mg/kg i.v., i.m.' — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 10.4 (Chemical Restraint/Sedative/Anesthetic/Analgesic Agents Used in Rabbits.a,b). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: BSAVA Small Animal Formulary, Part B — Exotic Pets — ISBN 9781910443712, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781910443712; Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds): 'Midazolam HCl | 0.1-2 mg/kg IM, IV6 | Most species/premedication at lower doses, onset = 15 min when administered IM'. Superscript 6 = Abou-Madi N, Avian anesthesia, Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2001,4:147-167. THE ZEBRA-FINCH-SPECIFIC 1 mg/kg IM FIGURE AND THE VERBATIM METHODS SENTENCE IN THIS RULE'S NOTES ARE FROM: Huan YP, Hsiao YT. Delayed evoked potentials in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) under midazolam-butorphanol-isoflurane anesthesia. PeerJ. 2019,7:e7937. doi:10.7717/peerj.7937 (PMID 31660277, PMC6815651). Note that study gave midazolam WITH butorphanol 1 mg/kg.
· Doss G. Personal observation; 2020. — Verified against Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.740 (2026-08-01). — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 8.4 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Hedgehogs). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Exotic Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine — ISBN 9781119149231, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781119149231
· Graham JE, Doss GA, Beaufrère H, eds. Exotic Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. Wiley. Ch.16 Guinea Pigs, printed p.289 (corpus PDF p.305): 'Anticonvulsant: ... midazolam 0.5-2 mg/kg IM, IV' — SOURCE EDITION: Exotic Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine — ISBN 9781119149231, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781119149231
· Jeffrey A, Burns L, Santangelo S, Sallaberry-Pincheira N, Camlic S, Paredes B, Barletta M, et al. Medetomidine-vatinoxan-midazolam provides similar sedation depth with reduced bradycardia compared to dexmedetomidine-midazolam in pigeons (Columba livia domestica). Am J Vet Res. 2024;85(10):ajvr.24.05.0143. doi:10.2460/ajvr.24.05.0143https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39127079
· Larouche CB, Beaufrère H, Mosley C, et al. Evaluation of the effects of midazolam and flumazenil in the ball python (Python regius). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2019;50:579-588. doi:10.1638/2019-0024; Miller LJ, Fetterer DP, Garza NL, et al. A fixed moderate-dose combination of tiletamine+zolazepam outperforms midazolam in induction of short-term immobilization of ball pythons (Python regius). PLoS ONE. 2018;13:1-15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199339 — Verified against Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.246 (2026-08-01). — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles.a). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Lennox AM. Safe sedation and immobilization of unusual exotic species encountered in practice. J Exot Pet Med. 2014;23:363-368. doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2014.07.013 — Verified against Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.740 (2026-08-01). — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 8.4 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Hedgehogs). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Marjani M, Akbarinejad V, Bagheri M. Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular ketamine-midazolam combination in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2015;42(2):178-181. doi:10.1111/vaa.12183 — Verified against Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th Ed, p.910 (2026-08-01). — Plumb's 10th ed (held) printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884; page located 2026-08-05 from the book's own running heads, verified to name the drug in its body text. — SOURCE EDITION: Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook — ISBN 9781394172207, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781394172207
· Morissey JM, Carpenter JW. Appendix: Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, OrcuttCJ, Mans C, et al. Ferrets, Rabbits and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. — Verified against Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.862 (2026-08-01). — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery — ISBN 9780323484350, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323484350
· Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW, et al. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Orcutt CJ, Mans C, et al. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2021:620-630. — Verified against Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.941 (2026-08-01). — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 11.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Ferrets). Located 2026-08-05: the only table covering this species in which the drug's own row prints this dose. The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929; Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery — ISBN 9780323484350, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323484350
· Morrisey JK, Carpenter JW. Formulary. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, 2021:620-630. - Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents): 'Midazolam | 1-2 mg/kg IM130 | All species/preanesthetic'. The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table is the citable location. — PRINTED DETAIL MISSING FROM THIS RULE (retrieved 2026-08-19): 1-2 mg/kg IM130 | All species/preanesthetic — Carpenter's 6e, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents), corpus p.787. Flag does NOT hold: the degu-named figures are combination doses from "Jekl V. Personal communication; 2016" (ref 82, corpus p.825). Missing printed scope limit — FRR 4e printed p.327, Ch.23 Degus, Drug Therapy: "To the author's knowledge, no pharmacokinetic data exist for any drugs in degus, and dosages are […]"
· Oppenheim YC, Moon PF. Sedative effects of midazolam in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). J Zoo Wildl Med. 1995;26:409-413. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.247 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 4.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Reptiles.a). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023, held copy; the original seed cited the 9th, which was never consulted) — Midazolam, DOGS, Status epilepticus (extra-label), printed p.882 (corpus PDF p.909) — SOURCE EDITION: Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook — ISBN 9781394172207, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781394172207
· Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023, held copy; the original seed cited the 9th, which was never consulted) — Plumb's 10th ed (held) printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884; page located 2026-08-05 from the book's own running heads, verified to name the drug in its body text. — SOURCE EDITION: Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook — ISBN 9781394172207, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781394172207
· Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023, held copy; the original seed cited the 9th, which was never consulted), Midazolam monograph, p.910 (CATS); refs 36 = Marjani M, Akbarinejad V, Bagheri M. Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular ketamine-midazolam combination in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2015;42(2):178-181; 37 = Ueoka N, Hikasa Y. Effects in cats of atipamezole, flumazenil and 4-aminopyridine... J Feline Med Surg. 2015;17(8):711-718; 39 = Wheeler EP, Abelson EL, Lindsey JC, Wetmore LA. Sedative effects of alfaxalone and hydromorphone with or without midazolam in cats: a pilot study. J Feline Med Surg. 2021;23(12) — Plumb's 10th ed (held) printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884; page located 2026-08-05 from the book's own running heads, verified to name the drug in its body text. — SOURCE EDITION: Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook — ISBN 9781394172207, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781394172207
· Samour, Avian Medicine, 3rd Ed. (raptor formulary appendix), p.670. Row as printed binds this dose to raptors on its own line: "Midazolam Hypnovel (Roche); Raptors IV or IM 0.5-1 mg/kg tid Control of fits; shorter duration than diazepam". Located by line-level extraction and then read on the page; the species binding is the row's own species column, not text proximity.
· Schumacher J, Mans C. Anesthesia. In: Mader DR, Divers SJ, eds. Current Therapy in Reptile Medicine and Surgery. St. Louis: WB Saunders; 2014: 134-153. — Verified against Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Ed, p.549 (2026-08-01). — SOURCE EDITION: Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery (Divers & Stahl) — ISBN 9780323482530, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323482530
· Schäffer DP, Raposo AC, Libório FA, et al. Intranasal administration of midazolam in blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara araruana): evaluation of sedative effects. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2016;43(4):459-460. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.454 doi:10.1111/vaa.12355 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Verified against Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th Ed, p.909 (2026-08-01). — Plumb's 10th ed (held) printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884; page located 2026-08-05 from the book's own running heads, verified to name the drug in its body text. — SOURCE EDITION: Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook — ISBN 9781394172207, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781394172207
· Vesal N, Zare P. Clinical evaluation of intranasal benzodiazepines, alpha-agonists and their antagonists in canaries. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2006;33:143-148. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.454 doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00244.x — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 5.5 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic/Sedative/Analgesic Agents Used in Birds.a,b). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Wakuno A, Aoki M, Kushiro A, et al. Comparison of alfaxalone, ketamine and thiopental for anaesthetic induction and recovery in Thoroughbred horses premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam. Equine Vet J. 2017;49(1):94-98. doi:10.1111/evj.12548; Vries A de, Thomson S, Taylor PM. Comparison of midazolam and diazepam as co-induction agents with ketamine for anaesthesia in sedated ponies undergoing field castration. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2015;42(5):512-517. doi:10.1111/vaa.12230; Smith MC, Bass L, Damone J, Mama K, Rao S. Comparison of xylazine and detomidine in combination with midazolam/ketamine for field castration in Quarter Horses. Equine Vet J. 2020;52(4):516-521. doi:10.1111/evj.13232 — Verified against Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th Ed, p.910 (2026-08-01). — Plumb's 10th ed (held) printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884; page located 2026-08-05 from the book's own running heads, verified to name the drug in its body text. — SOURCE EDITION: Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook — ISBN 9781394172207, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781394172207
· Wenger S. Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits and rodents. J Exot Pet Med. 2012;21:7-16. doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.010 — Verified against Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.787 (2026-08-01). — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
· Wenger S. Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits and rodents. J Exot Pet Med. 2012;21:7-16. — Source: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary, 6th Ed, p.787 doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.010 — Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary 6th ed, Table 9.3 (Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agents Used in Rodents). The copy held is an ebook conversion with no printed page numbers, so the table — not the page — is the citable location. — SOURCE EDITION: Carpenter's Exotic Animal Formulary — ISBN 9780323833929, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9780323833929
Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th ed (2023, held copy; the original seed cited the 9th, which was never consulted), Midazolam monograph, p.910 (CATS); refs 36 = Marjani M, Akbarinejad V, Bagheri M. Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular ketamine-midazolam combination in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2015;42(2):178-181; 37 = Ueoka N, Hikasa Y. Effects in cats of atipamezole, flumazenil and 4-aminopyridine... J Feline Med Surg. 2015;17(8):711-718; 39 = Wheeler EP, Abelson EL, Lindsey JC, Wetmore LA. Sedative effects of alfaxalone and hydromorphone with or without midazolam in cats: a pilot study. J Feline Med Surg. 2021;23(12) — Plumb's 10th ed (held) printed p.880, Midazolam monograph spanning p.880-884; page located 2026-08-05 from the book's own running heads, verified to name the drug in its body text. — SOURCE EDITION: Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook — ISBN 9781394172207, https://openlibrary.org/isbn/9781394172207